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William Thomas Sugg 1832 - 1907

Welcome to my Web site!

Hello, my name is William Thomas Sugg and I was born on 17th October 1832.  I died on 28th February 1907 around 100 years ago and I have entrusted my great grandson, Christopher, with telling you something about my life...

I was born 4th into a family that eventually reached 10 children.  Mind you, that's nothing because in my time I had 15 children!  Of course things were very different in those days.  My father was also called William and he gave me two names so we didn't get muddled but I always wanted to be just William so after Father died I stopped signing myself W.T.Sugg and reverted to William.  Of course I didn't realise just how difficult it could make things for the future but at least no-one could mistake William Sugg & Co as being anything but my company!

Our family had lived in Somerset for generations but it was great grandfather John who made the big step away from rural life to the Metropolis.  Unfortunately it was because he had failed in business as a grazier and bleacher in Crewkerne!  He had, however, one big asset in his young wife.  She was one of three sisters of the Faulkner family also from Crewkerne.  One sister married a Mr Gibson of Fenchurch Street and the other married a Mr Price of York Street, Westminster, so when things went wrong you can just imagine the three sisters getting together and how John might have been persuaded to follow the others "to seek his fortune".  We are talking of a date in the last quarter of the 18th century - around, say, 1785 when John would already have been 55.  They remained a close knit family as we find that two of John's children worked for their uncles in London at various stages.  The one we are going to follow is my grandfather, Thomas, who was the youngest born in 1771 and, like the other three, lived in Crewkerne before the move to London.

My grandfather, Thomas, must have been a remarkable man.  On the basis of the date above he would have been only about 14 when the family moved to London and you can just imagine the excitement for a young person arriving in London.  The numbers of people, the noise, the traffic compared with their country life.  Of course he would have been expected to work for the family's joint living and it seems that he got a job with Uncle Price in Westminster who was a "tinman".  This title was given to craftsmen who worked in metal and produced products of a wide range.  In later centuries you would call them "tinsmiths" or "sheet metal workers".  As his skills developed he became a fully fledged "ironmonger" and moved to High Street, Hoxton where he set up shop at No.55.  Many of you reading this would only know an ironmonger as a shop full of pre-packed nuts and bolts and loads of practical items but, as you might guess if you thought about the name, an ironmonger was a man who dealt in all things metal and practical and made anything that was needed.

By now Thomas had a wife, Sarah, who he married in St John the Evangelist, Millbank in June 1793.  Life must have been really tough for the young married couple because when they had their first son Henry, in 1794, they simply could not afford to keep him.  It may seem unlikely in your century where so much support is available but, if you had no money then, you didn't eat and an extra mouth could push you over the edge.  Fortunately, families were very close in those days and little Henry was adopted by second cousin Sarah who was married to Henry Hatchard and I believe could not have children of her own.  They never forced him to change his surname and in due course on the death of his adoptive parents he became the owner of their business - Carpenter & Undertaker of 95, York Street, Westminster. He also became a well respected member of the community, as a collector of taxes and churchwarden of St Margaret's, Westminster.

But I digress!  After Henry had been adopted it was another two years before Thomas and Sarah had their second child.  Exactly when Thomas made the move to Hoxton I am not sure but it wasn't until he was 36 in 1807 that he laid the foundation of what was to inspire 'my' business. 

(The 1841 Post Office London Directory has the entry; Sugg Thomas, gas fitter and meter maker, 55 High Street, Hoxton) C.S.

There are a number of people who lay claim to having been the inventor of gas lighting, Friedrich Albrecht Winzer (later anglicised to Frederick Albert Winsor) born in Germany in 1763, was certainly one of them - despite the fact that he had gained his knowledge from Philip Lebon in Paris. What Winsor did through a number of advertisements and pamphlets was to attract public attention to a series of experiments and lectures at The Lyceum Theatre in London from about 1803, on the subject of "Gas Light".  Here he described the advantages, its freedom from sparks which so often caused fires with other sources, the absence of smoke and the intensity and steadiness of the flame.  It does sound as if everyone in London began to talk about gas lighting and it seems very likely that grandfather Thomas Sugg decided to go and have a look for himself.  It is barely 3 miles from Bacchus Walk in Hoxton to Pall Mall and I suspect that once he had seen what Winsor was up to, Thomas offered his very practical services to assist in the demonstrations, especially in the manufacture and installation of the pipes to carry the gas from Mr Winsor's house in Pall Mall a considerable distance to the wall of Carlton House Terrace.  According to contemporary accounts, the pipes were of tinned iron with soldered joints with the long pipe being 1.1/2" diameter.  The contemporary account of the first public demonstration in the Monthly Magazine of July 1807 states that it took place on 4th June 1807 to coincide with the birthday of His Majesty King George IV.

I don't intend to tell you any more about the early development of the gas industry other than through the products of William Sugg & Co, as it is well documented elsewhere.  However, you now have the link between Sugg and gas.  Grandfather Thomas went on to have 10 children with Sarah and unfortunately died in one of the outbreaks of cholera in 1832, his 60th year, the same year that I was born.

(The 1852 Post Office London Directory has 'Sugg Thomas, meter maker and gas fitter at 168 Hoxton Old Town'. We know, however that Thomas died in 1832 so the most likely explanation is that Thomas's third son who was also called Thomas may well have been working with his father and being 34 at the time of the latter's death, continued the business and moved it to the Old Town address. 'Son' Thomas died in 1874 and there is no entry in the 1884 directory.) C.S. 

My father, William, was Thomas and Sarah's fifth child and he was born on 23rd July 1803, so he was only 3 years old when his father got involved with gas.  It is clear that there was a huge amount of interest in the developing industry and, with the practical nature that seems to run through our family he went to work for "Edges", a meter maker in Great Peter Street, Westminster - no doubt encouraged by his father who as we have seen also made meters.  At the end of 1837 he 'started for himself' at 19 & 20 Marsham Street, Westminster where he worked until he died.

(The same 1841 directory that lists 'Sugg, Thomas' also carries "Sugg, Pywell & Co, gas meter manufacturers, brassfounders and gas fitters, 19 & 20 Marsham Street") C.S.

The Original Co-Partnership Agreement of 1837?
(The reason for the question mark is that the agreement date so far as I can read - from the copy of the document - says 20th December 1838. The Centenary booklet, however states 1837 and the centenary definitely took place in 1937 - not 1938! Further research is needed!) C.S.

The original partnership agreement shows that Father entered into an agreement with two of his contemporaries:

“To carry on the trade and business of Manufacturers of Gas Meters, Brass Founders, Gas Fitters, Smiths and Engineers.” 

Father was to receive £3 per week, William Parsley Pywell, 50 shillings per week and Craswell P.Jobling one shilling per hour, presumably to ensure that he took his position seriously!  I feel sure that these two partners brought practical skills to the business and Father decided that they should have a status as originators of the business whilst still making it clear who was the boss! It was not to last long.

(We know from official records, that "the partnership was dissolved by mutual consent between Craswell Jobling, William Sugg, and William Parsley Pywell trading as Sugg, Pywell, and Co. brass founders engineers and gas fitters of no 19 and 20 Marsham Street Westminster - 18th December 1840". So it would seem that the phrase "started for himself" was something of a misnomer as the business began as a partnership (at the end of 1837 or was it 1838?) called Sugg, Pywell and Co not becoming William Sugg & Co until the end of 1840.  For the purposes of this history I believe it reasonable to consider the business as dating from 1837 as the premises remained the same.  It would seem likely, however, that there might well have been rivalry, if not competition, between the William Sugg company and the Thomas Sugg business, by then run by his brother!) C.S.
 

William Sugg 1803 - 1858, The Founder.
 

My mother was Elizabeth Aincham and she and father married in 1826 when father was just on 23.  In no time the family began to grow, Robert in 1827, Susannah in 1829, Elizabeth in 1831 and then me, William Thomas, in 1832!  I won't bore you with names and dates any further but suffice it to say that my next brother and two of my sisters all died very young, leaving just 7 of us.

The very first issue of the magazine "The Builder" dated 31st December 1842 carries the following advertisement:

"William Sugg & Co., No.19 Marsham Street.  Brass and Iron Founders, Gas Engineers and Fitters, Makers of Improved Patent Gas Meters, Manufacturers of every description of plain and ornamental bronze, brass and iron work for OIL or GAS.  Fan lights, passage and lantern, plain or ornamental, Wholesale, Retail, and for Exportation.  Casting for the Trade."

You can see from this that only 2 years after the partnership was dissolved, Father had his sights set high! What it doesn't show you is just how badly things had been going!  Of course I didn't know anything about this at the age of 10, although I am sure the atmosphere between my parents was sometimes not very comfortable!  What I hadn't realised until some time later was that Father had set the business up as a partnership and must have become very unhappy with the result as less than three months after the dissolution of the partnership there is a further agreement which both Father and Mr Pywell - despite no longer being a partner - sign and seal.    

An accountant, Mr William Gould, the third party to this agreement dated 9th March 1841, indicates that he was prepared to take on the responsibility for the Company debts against everything the remaining two partners owned!  In addition, the 26 creditors are listed at the bottom of the agreement with their names and the sums that each is owed, varying from 14 shillings right up to 290 pounds 7 shillings and 5 pence to the aforementioned Mr William Gould! The two other signatories are Father and Pywell.  The lowly paid Mr Jobling would clearly not add a lot of security to the agreement and he was discounted.  In fact Mr Pywell is also not heard of again and may well have been frightened off by thoughts of the poor house.  Father, on the other hand was made of sterner stuff and his advert in the Builder, above, less than two years after this agreement tells us that he was going to trade out of the problems.  Exactly how they got into such a situation in only four years was never clear but it would be familiar to many small businesses even in your age, especially as the age of banking had yet to provide 'working capital'. When I joined the business it was all over and I don't even know what happened to Mr Gould.  My job was to help the business to succeed.

My father had arranged for me to work at the South Metropolitan Gas Company under Thomas Livesey where I learned all about gas supply and appliances. What interested me was the design and technology, the detail of the business.  It was clear to me very soon after joining Father that nobody really knew much about how things worked and why.  I spent a great deal of time experimenting with how gas burned and why.  It seems our efforts began to turn the business around as in 1847, the same year as our last and surviving brother was born, Father took a house in Hanwell so that we no longer lived 'over the shop'.  The business actually remained in the original premises for nearly 30 years.

Amongst the more unusual items to survive the passing of the years is this invitation to 'Mr Sugg' to attend the state funeral of The Duke of Wellington which was held on 14th September 1852. (CS)

Sadly my father died of cholera when he was only in his 53rd year in the May of 1858 when I was still 25.  However by then I had really got my feet under the table and the business passed to me without any complaint! Now was my chance to really do something in this fast accelerating industry.    

The Marsham Street Factory

Of course I cannot proceed further without a little more personal history because the family is so intertwined with the Company.  By the time I took over the business I had been married for 5 years and we had one son, David William who was 5, one daughter, Lizzie, 4 and  my wife, Jane, was pregnant with what was to be our second son, Walter John, who became known as Jack.  So you see I married not long after my 20th birthday -- and it turned out to be a big mistake.  I have to admit that Jane Parker was one of those women who is a young man's dream.  She was a barmaid and I was tempted.  I am not going into the details here but I will tell you that David was born just 4 months after we were married.  Unfortunately, my choice of Jane as a wife showed a lack of judgement for a long term relationship.  I was eventually forced to use a private detective to obtain evidence of her unfaithfulness.  In those days it was only a few years since it had required an Act of Parliament to obtain a divorce and so it was necessary to collect the evidence very carefully.  I still have the account from the detective in which he lists all the details of his time and the costs.  It did cost me a fortune but in the end I was granted a divorce in 1862  with the co-respondent being named as a Charles Moore.

As you might imagine, I was very upset and frankly put off the whole marriage business.  I buried myself in my work and, funnily enough - or maybe understandably, this was one of my most productive periods.  It was to be another 9 years before I ventured into the marriage stakes again at the age of 38 in 1871 and, what is more, I have my work to thank that I met Marie Jenny Fleurot!

One of the important features of my company was our apprenticeship arrangements.  In common with many apprenticeships the term was for a period of 7 years and as can be seen in the indenture for one James Connor who commenced his apprenticeship on the 5th September 1869 he was paid 5/- (25p) per week for the first year.  The pay progressed by 1/- (5p) per week each year until 1873 when it increased by 2/-per week each year until the 5th September 1876 and as you can see I signed him off as "having served his full time to my entire satisfaction."

By 1866 the Marsham Street works was unable to cope with the amount of business that was coming in and, fortunately, I was able to secure some new premises close by in Regency Street between Page Street and Vincent Street.  As you can see from the illustration below I called the premises Vincent Works and this became the heart of the business for nearly a century, albeit with several enlargements. 

Vincent Works 1866
(The eventual extension to the factory was to the right of this frontage which appears to have remained almost untouched apart from the level of the road.)

The sign indicates the location of our showroom in Charing Cross - 'nearby the Post Office', a description that would mean a lot more in those days than in the 21st century!  1 & 2 Grand Hotel Buildings was just a stones throw from Trafalgar Square and provided a fabulous central location for our friends in the various Gas Company's and the householder who wished to familiarise himself with the latest labour saving products and lighting designs.  Trafalgar Square was a great showroom in itself with numerous Sugg lamps mounted on the surrounding walls and on posts at the junctions of several of the major roads where they joined the Square.  At the end of the 20th century during the refurbishment of Trafalgar Square, three original William Sugg lamps still in their original positions were refurbished by Sugg Lighting and re-mounted on new cast lamp posts erected back in the Square, whilst a set of slightly smaller scaled versions were designed and manufactured and fitted around the Square on the walls from which the originals had been removed.  It has to be admitted that all these fixtures are now operating with electric lighting sources but it is more important that the original Sugg designs can still be seen (even if they are not recognised by the millions who pass through the Square each year.)  Let us hope that this website will help to educate just some of those millions!! (Installing a lamp post in Trafalgar Square is in itself a problem as much of the Square is over the Underground station!  The 'new' Sugg posts are bolted to 1 metre diameter steel plates just below the original stone slabs! CS.) 

This is one of the new smaller scaled lanterns placed on the original pedestals around the wall of Trafalgar Square  They are based on 3 original Sugg Lanterns which were refurbished and repositioned on new posts within the square.

Reverting back to 1866 and the move to Vincent Works, I had been working hard with the "Argand" burner, designed originally by monsieur Argand as an oil burner with a circular wick.  Having worked previously on plain gas jets, I felt that if I could achieve a circular ring of gas flame with combustion air passing up the centre as well as around the outside in a controlled fashion I would be able to produce a perfect, controllable, luminous bright flame.  Many experiments later I achieved my goal and in 1869 the Gas Referees were persuaded by the result to adopt my "London" Argand as the Standard Test Burner for the Metropolis.  In my promotional material I was allowed to quote their statement that:

"This burner of Mr Sugg's excels all others."

(The Gas Referees were a body set up to assure the quality of gas production from the hundreds of gas manufacturing plants around the country. Because the variety of coal mined in various parts of the country varied, it was important to be able to check that the gas produced was of a suitable and preferably equal quality which would provide the customers with good quality lighting.  To do this the Referees needed a burner which would provide a basis for comparison when burning the different gases.  The 'London' Argand was initially adopted for the Metropolis and subsequently is quoted as "prescribed in most Gas Companies' Acts of Parliament.)

This picture is one of a pair taken during a visit to the Beckton Gas Works and is dated May 23rd 1870.  Fortunately it carries the names of the gentlemen involved and in one case his job.  From left to right it reads William Sugg, T.Page, Evans, Patterson R.H. (Gas Referee), Friedleben, Trewby and Wyatt.

(The Beckton Gas Works became the largest gas works in the world located on the north of the Thames not far from the location of the Millennium Dome - now the O2 Arena.)

Apart from Mr Patterson in the middle who clearly likes to cut a dash in his important position as Gas Referee, the name Friedleben rang a strong bell!  My family records showed that William Sugg's first daughter known as Lizzie married a Friedleben so this cannot be just a coincidence! However the gentleman in the picture must be at least as old as William so cannot be the Friedleben who married Lizzie in 1882.  It was then that I met Claire, whose mother was born Friedleben making her a great great grandchild of William and his first wife Jane Parker.  Claire has done a huge amount of family research and discovered that this Friedleben is Christoph, the father of Carl who married Lizzie, what's more Claire discovered that Christoph was the Director of the gas works in Offenbach, Germany. C.S.

Another family connection provides an extraordinary coincidence with the Beckton Gas Works and the picture with William Sugg above.  One of William's daughters, Berthe married into the Duquenoy family and in 2009 I was contacted by Simon Duquenoy who was researching his family history.  During our correspondence Simon said that he had a box with an interesting plaque and sent me the following photos:

 The plaque says:
"This box is made from wood obtained 25 feet below the surface of the ground in digging the foundation for the gas works at Beckton, North Woolwich. 
Wood supposed to be yew.1869"

It is possible that William was presented with this box at the same time as the visit in which he is photographed above.  If the wood was only dug up in 1869 for the foundations their visit in May 1870 must have been during construction.

Since this last comment, Claire who is mentioned above and whose mother was a Friedleben, has found that Mr Evans in the picture was the chief engineer of the Chartered Gas Company who was building the Gas Works.  The 'Gas Magazine' reported that "on Thursday June 9th 1870, 180 members and friends went by steamer to visit the new gas works in course of erection at Beckton.  Met by Mr Evans he showed them drawings and over the site then entertained them to luncheon.  A hearty repast was enjoyed and a toast given to the company."

So it looks as if the small group picture which is just 17 days before this major visit must have been a much more personal one and adds weight to the possibility of the presentation of the yew box.

The Argand Burner is described and illustrated in the Lighting Section - Burners - Christiania & Argand.

This success spurred me on especially in the field of photometrics which is the science of the measurement of light.  It is all very well to burn gas to produce light but without knowing what that means there is no way to make comparisons or improve efficiency. 

Many years ago I realised that it was necessary to establish a unit for the measurement of light and in 1862, when I had been working on the lighting of the Grand Committee Room of the House of Commons, I decided on an observational experiment.  I made some pencil markings on a piece of paper and took half a dozen men to read the paper at whatever distance they found convenient.  The answer was one ft candle, i.e. one candle at a distance of one foot.  This provided me with a basis of comparison for all other measurements of light and, indeed, became the unit in common use.

This commentary is drawn from a paper read to the 'Civil's' by Alexander Pelham Trotter in 1892 on 'The distribution and measurement of illumination' which was attended by William.  In the following discussion Mr W.J.Dibden said that Mr Sugg first proposed the ft candle thirty years ago as the unit for illumination.  WTS then added several observations from which the one above is drawn.  He also commented that the room in question was the only room where he had been able to feel satisfied in the lighting. (This important reference was found for me by Geoff Brundrett - a co-member of the CIBSE Heritage Panel who had remembered reading it on some occasion and finally unearthed it! CS)

Eventually we had an excellent lighting laboratory which was not improved until my grandson Crawford Sugg joined the Company in the 1930's and designed the very clever 'mirror head' device - about which more later!  By the turn of the nineteenth century, however, the Company was able to provide a huge range of scientific technical equipment as part of their sales effort and this is illustrated in the Technical Section.

Whilst working on the Argand burner I had not forgotten the flat flame burner.  In my mind there was always room for both types of burner.  The Argand was always going to be more complicated and thus more expensive than the flat flame burner and was likely to require more maintenance.  The glass chimneys were always going to suffer from breakage where the flat flame had none. 

I decided that the best approach for interior lighting was to design a range of fixtures which could use either burner in a common structure and apply careful aesthetic design to the whole.  So it was, in 1869, the same year as the London Argand was adopted that my "Christiania" flat flame burner sold in huge numbers.  (Look in the Lighting Section - Burners - Christiania & Argand for more information on these important products.)

Original photographs of a selection of Christiania burners. A larger version of this photo is included in Lighting Section - Burners - Christiania & Argand

One of the features that made the Christiania fixtures popular was the beautiful hand painted glassware that I obtained from France.

This was not my only connection with France, as gas lighting was in demand all over the developed world.  Paris had adopted gas lighting in 1820 and by the 1870's our burners and fixtures were being used so widely that I decided to open an office in that beautiful city.  Unfortunately, the Franco Prussian War which led to the four month Siege of Paris 1870 - 1871 was a major problem!  It did however lead to my meeting Marie Jenny Fleurot. (Frances Robinson, granddaughter of William & Jenny who remembered her grandmother well, told me in 1987 that Jenny was actually rescued by William during the siege and she was left with nothing. The siege ended on 27th January 1871 but there were continuing problems and it may well have been after the signing of the armistice but before the arrival of the Paris commune with its own trials and tribulations. CS.), to cut a long story short, we were married in July 1871 just before Jenny's 21st birthday - when I was 38!

Marie Jenny Fleurot and William Thomas Sugg the day before they married July 1871

We were married twice, once in Paris and once in London to satisfy all sides!  Jenny, as she was known to everyone was a very special lady.  Of course my French improved enormously and all our children were bilingual.  In fact Jenny would chat away in French to her daughters in particular and, when there was anything of importance she would always speak or write in her native language.  In due course I became the translator on the many trips that I took to France with the Gas Institute and other groups!

Our family grew, along with the business and we were blessed with 12 children and only poor Robert Pierre died after only 8 months.  Our last child was born in 1888 when I was 56.

Jenny remained in contact with her family in Paris and many of our children have the same French names as her family.  (Another confusion for the genealogist!)  Because Jenny was so much younger than me it was clear that she would live many years beyond me and her family, as well as our own family, were very important to her.

Great grandson Christopher has a substantial computer based family genealogy archive which he started as a card index back in 1969.  Much of the early information had been collected by my first cousin John Walter Sugg who was born in January 1835 a little over two years after me (not to be confused with Walter John mentioned earlier).  He also married one of my sisters, Rebekah Ann so we were very close. (Yes, his first cousin).  John was the son of the Henry I mentioned earlier who was adopted by the Hatchard family and became the owner of their business as carpenter and undertaker.  John followed that side of the family and I suspect that his interest in the family history is connected to both his father's adoption and his calling!  He carried a small notebook in which he listed all the family members and cousins and second cousins and more that he could record.  Fortunately it survived and provided a major starting point for the family archive.

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Wages book 1877 - 1882

(One of the few company record books with names that has survived is a hard back wages book dating from Friday August 17th 1877 with 13 names to Friday 30th June 1882 with 30 names.  I think this is just the office staff. CS)

(Note the entry for DW Sugg and also for both W Wright and E Wright. This list somewhat disguises the fact that, according to my records at this date Edwin Wright is 17 whilst his younger brother, Walter, is only 11 but apparently earns more than his older brother.  David William Sugg, William's first child is 24.CS)

(At this date, 5 years later, there are no Suggs but both of the Wright names have gained an 'S' i.e. ES Wright and WS Wright and this is because they are both the children of Simeon Wright and William's elder sister, Susannah Amelia Sugg, and they became known as the Sugg-Wrights!  It is notable that Edwin has gone from 16/- to £1:10s whilst Walter has advanced from £1:15s to £3, retaining his lead over his elder brother!  Walter was perhaps the more outgoing as, against his name and the three below him is the word 'Travellers' who are the Company Representatives.  He still seems exceptionally young as he will be only 16 in 1882. 

It was Edwin, however, who was eventually to succeed William on his death which you can read about further down. CS)

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I was always determined to record the progress of my inventions by giving lectures and publishing both these and a number of books setting out the development of the many products over the years.  The aim was to educate and of course provide both the Industry personnel and the interested private user with the added confidence that leads to increased sales!  For the same reason we showed our wares at many national and international exhibitions and won many medals (which also survive into the 21st century.)  They were often used in our advertising as another means of confidence building for our customers.

My 1880s headed paper looked like this

MEDALS WON BY WILLIAM SUGG & CO BETWEEN 1862 & 1913
The following list of medals is made up from two original lists which vary only slightly in content.  One, however, starts in 1862 and runs to 1906 describing what the award was for, whereas the other was started on 30th June 1888 and continued being updated until 1913 with 'comments' obviously intended to clarify the whereabouts of the medals in 1906.  With the death of William in 1907 it may have been that medals were not considered to be so important or that the whole world of exhibitions was becoming an expense that the Company no longer wished to bear.  Exhibitions as far away as Melbourne (twice) and Calcutta must have been a considerable drain on the Company's fortunes.
 

Place	Year	Award	Comment!
London	1862	2 Bronze Medals (Highest)	1 only had, in safe
for Gas Burners, Photometers and Gas Apparatus
Paris	1867	2 Bronze (Highest)	1 only had, in safe
for Gas Burners and Photometrical Apparatus
London	1871	Diploma (Highest)
for Improved Jet Photometers
Paris	1878	2 Gold Medals (Highest)	1 only had, in safe
for Gas Burners, Governors, Illuminating Power Meter & Photometrical Apparatus
York	1879	1 Bronze (Highest)	In safe
for Gas Burners and Fittings
Melbourne	14th Mar 1881	2 Silver (Highest) (See extract from Melbourne Argus in Street Lighting/Large Lanterns)	1 only had
for Gas Burners, Shadowless Lamps and Photometrical Apparatus
Glasgow	1880	1 Bronze (Highest)	In hand of Sotors? Re Nelson
for Gas Governors
Eastbourne	1881	1 Silver (Highest)	In safe
for Gas Governors and Burners
Brighton	1881	1 Bronze (Highest)	In safe
for Gas Burners and Fittings
Tynemouth	1882	1 Silver (Highest)	In safe
for Gas Burners and Shadowless Lamps
Stockport	1882	3 Silver (Highest)	In safe
for Gas Burners, Shadowless Lamps and improved "Colchester" Sun Burners
Stockport	1882	1 Bronze	In safe
for Consumer's Governors
Middlesbro’	1883	5 Silver (Highest)	Diplomas only had
for Gas Burners (Ordinary & with Governors), Street Lamp Governors, Patent "Vincent" Light and High Power Street Lamps
Crystal Palace	1883	5 Silver (Highest)	In safe
for Gas Burners, High-Power Gas Lamps, Heating Stoves and Patent "Therma" or Instantaneous Water Heater
Calcutta	1884	1 Silver (Highest)	In safe
for Gas Burners, Lamps etc
Falmouth	1884	1 Silver (Highest)	In safe
for Sugg's Patent "Taj" Lamps for lighting Churches, Halls, etc
Crystal Palace Intl.	1884	Dipl. of Honour (Highest)
for Gas Burners, Lamps, etc
International Health	1884	1 Gold (Highest)	In safe
for Gas Burners, High-Power Lamps, etc
International Health	1884	1 Silver	In safe
for "Charing Cross" Gas Fires, Gas Kitcheners etc
Intl. Inventions	1885	1 Gold (Highest)	In safe
for the "Cromartie" Gas Lamp, Photometrical Apparatus etc
Intl. Food & Cookery	1885	1 Silver (Highest)	In safe
for Dining-Room Lights, "Christiania" Gas Burners etc
Berkhamsted	1886	1 Silver	In safe
for Gas Burners, Lamps etc
Liverpool	1886	2 Gold (Silver gilt)
for Gas Burners "Cromartie" Lamps etc
		1 Silver	In safe
for Dock and Harbour Lamps
Edinburgh	1886	1 Silver
for Gas Lamps and Burners
Univl Food & Cookery	1888	1 Gold (Silver gilt)
for Gas Kitcheners
Melbourne	1888	Silver, First Order of Merit (Highest)	In safe
for Patent Lamps, Burners etc
Royal Polytechnic Society, Falmouth	1889	1 Bronze (Highest)
for Gas Burners
Univl Cookery & Food	May 1889	1 Gold (Highest)
for Gas Kitcheners, Grillers and Hot Plates
Paris	1889	1 Gold (Highest)	In safe
for Patent Ventilating and other Gas Burners, Lamps, etc.
Intl. Food & Cookery	Nov 1889	1 Gold
for Gas Kitcheners, Grillers, Hot Plates, Gas Fires. etc.
Intl. Cookery & Food	1890	2 Gold (Highest)
for "Westminster" and other Gas Kitcheners, Hot Plates, etc
Amsterdam	1890	1 Bronze (Highest)	In safe
for Lighting and Cooking Apparatus
Sanitary Institute	May 1892	Medal of The Institute	In safe
for Cromartie Lamp
Univl. Cookery & Food	May 1892	Dipl. of Honour (Highest)
for Gas Cooking Apparatus
Hague Health	Aug. 1892	4 Prizes of Hon (Highest)	1 list has a medal in safe
for Gas Burners, Ventilators, Cooking, Lighting and Heating Apparatus
Health, Portsmouth	Sept 1892	Certificate of Merit
Highest award for Gs Cooking Appliances for "Westminster" Gas Kitcheners
Gonda Gas Exhibition	Oct 1892	3 Gold (Highest)	I list has 1 silver in safe
for Gas Lighting Apparatus, Gas Stoves and Burners
Sanitary Institute	1893	Certificate of Merit
for Gas Kitcheners
Univl. Cookery & Food	1893	Gold (Highest)	I list, 1 Silver Gilt in safe
for "Westminster" Gas Kitchener
Intl Bakery, Amst'dam	1894	Gold Medal & Dip of Hon.	I list, 1 Silver Gilt in safe
for Gas "Confectioner" Ovens etc
Univl. Cookery & Food	1895	Gold (Highest)	I list, 1 Silver Gilt in safe
for Gas Cooking Appliances
Univl. Cookery & Food	1896	Gold (Highest) & Silver	I list, 1 Silver Gilt in safe
for Gas Kitcheners
Univl. Cookery & Food	1897	Prix d'Honneur (Highest)	I list, 1 Silver Gilt in safe
for Gas Cooking Appliances
Institute of Cookery & Food	1899	1 Silver Gilt	Does not exist on one list. In safe on other
Univl. Cookery & Food	1903	Prix d'Honneur (Highest)	I list, 1 Silver Gilt in safe
for Gas Cooking Appliances
Univl. Cookery & Food	1904	Dipl. of Honour (Highest)
for Gas Cooking Appliances
Intl. Gas Exhibition	1904	1 Silver	Does not exist on one list. In safe on other
Sanitary Institute	1905	3 Bronze	In safe
for High-Pressure Incandescent Gas Light for Street Lighting, Gas Cooker & Billiard- Table Light
Univl. Cookery & Food	1906	Gold (Highest)	I list, 1 Silver Gilt in safe
for High-Pressure Gas Cooking Stove
Antwerp	1913	1 Silver Gilt	Does not exist on one list. In safe on other

As you can see several exhibitions are in European cities, one in India and two in Australia - a long way to go in 1881 especially as it seems they only 'had' one of the two silver medals awarded! C.S.
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The following extract from the Journal of Gas Lighting reports the trial of several Sugg lamps in St Louis, Mo in October 1881 in competition with electric lamps.  "The Sugg lamps fulfilled all expectations and are continued on the principal street by the Gas Company"

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To help my staff gain skills in the areas of design I sent many of them to study design at the college in South Kensington and the result can clearly be seen in the aesthetic balance of the many hundreds of lighting products that poured out of the factory some of which can be seen particularly in the Lighting Section - Interior Lamps.  Even practical products can be made to look attractive and by displaying them to their best will always sell to the discerning customer even over less expensive products.  (See Lighting Section - Burners - Open Flame  for a burner display case for example)

Very Early Full Colour Advertising Illustrating the Improvement Obtained Using Sugg Christiania Burners.
 The paper being read by the gent says 'Roasting and Cooking by Gas' alluding to other Sugg products. Never waste an opportunity!

I did spend a lot of money on advertising and promotion and was convinced that this was an essential element of the progress of the Company associated with the production of quality products.  Apart from the offices at 19 rue des Pyramides in Paris I also opened offices at Crystal Palace, 33 Bold Street, Liverpool and 409, Keizersgracht, Amsterdam. 

I was equally keen that the works staff had as good a life as possible and I think you will agree that these wonderful pictures of the men and the women of the works which were taken by one of the staff with a pin-hole camera and found by Christopher, illustrate a workforce who enjoyed their work.  The pictures seem to have been taken at lunch time as you can see the men's sandwiches!   

     Men and Women of the Sugg Workforce surrounded by products
probably photographed with a pin-hole camera by a colleague about 1880.

Irish gas workers in Dublin in front of contemporary advertisements.

Picture provided by Noel William Sugg, another of my great grandsons - born in the same year as Christopher.  The Irish branch of the Sugg family started when my son, Jack, by my first wife decided to leave London for Dublin to take up a managerial post with the then Dublin Alliance and Consumer Gas Company where he worked until he retired.  Jack, whose full names were Walter John had 11 children several of whom became officers in the merchant navy and one, Walter Reginald was the advertising manager with the Dublin Evening Mail for nearly 40 years. 

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Business was hugely exciting, we were now truly famous for quality and attention to detail of all my products.  Typical of a third party comment came from Charles Dickens, Jr in his 'Dictionary of London'

Victorian London - Directories - Dickens's Dictionary of London, by Charles Dickens, Jr., 1879 - "Illuminations"

GAS BURNERS.—The argand and fishtail burners, made by Sugg, of Westminster, and supplied by all respectable gasfitters, are unquestionably the best. It is often supposed that if a good fishtail or flat flame burner is employed, it burns equally well whatever shape of globe be used; this is not the case, the best form of globe is spherical, with a large opening, say 3 ¼  in. at the bottom, and 3 ½  in. at the top. Melon or pine shaped globes are bad, saucer shaped are still worse. For reception and bedrooms the opal Christiania shade or globe, with a No: 4 or 5 flat flame steatite burner, gives the best and most agreeable result with the least consumption of gas. The Bronner burner is economical, but must not he used in places exposed to much draught. For basement offices the No. 4 flat flame burner will answer every purpose. The constant complaint of consumers about the “bad gas” either means that the supply of gas is deficient or that it is improperly consumed: with deficient supply it must rest either with the gas company, whose service pipe may be stopped, or with the consumer, whose fittings may be choked up or too small: in the case of bad burners the remedy is an easy one. The comparison on the same chandelier of a No. 5 flat flame burner with 7 ½ .in. Christiania shade, will at once show whether the old burners and globes are or are not of the right kind. And when a good, burner and globe are obtained it is necessary to keep them free from dust, by using a soft duster for the former, and by washing the latter twice a week. It should always be remembered that what the consumer wants and pays for is so much light rather than so many cubic feet of gas. And while the quality of the gas supplied in London does not appreciably vary, it is only by using the best burners, fitted in the best and most intelligent manner that satisfactory results can be obtained. 

Charles Dickens (Jr.), Dickens's Dictionary of London, 1879

It became clear that to continue at this level of enterprise the business would require more capital to expand.  We had connections all over the Empire and in the New World and, as sole proprietor I had to hold the whole thing together.  Of course I had good and faithful staff but it became clear that there was only one course and that I would have to give up the proprietorship of my Company and the expansion would have to be funded by selling shares and converting to a Limited Liability Company.  Obviously I had considerable misgivings about this step but I was getting no younger and was persuaded that this would ensure the future of the name and the resulting new Company to be known as "William Sugg & Co Ltd."

An agreement was drawn up and signed on 29th June 1881 between me, William Sugg on the one hand and James Combs Giffard, Henry Laurence Hammack, Napoleon Edward Byron Garey, Stonhewer Edward Illingworth and Robert Hesketh Jones as Trustees for a Company on the other hand, whereby it was agreed that:-

"The said William Sugg should sell, and the Company, or the said Trustees on its behalf, should purchase, the Letters patent , business, hereditaments and other property therein specified for the considerations and on the terms therein contained." 

The following day, 30th June 1881, the first 'Subscribers' - or shareholders as they would eventually become known drew up the following document:
(Transcribed from the original to simplify reading. Question marks indicate difficulty in transcription!)

We the several persons whose names and addresses are subscribed, are desirous of being formed into a Company in pursuance of this Memorandum of Association, and we respectively agree to take the number of Shares in the Capital of the Company set opposite our respective names.

                                                                                                  (Total 1312 shares of £10 each)

Dated this 30^th day of June 1881
Witness to the above signatures
Ernest S Coulson, Solicitor
And clerk to Messrs Argles & Argles
Solicitors, 85, Gracechurch Street, London

So the Company was sold - or that is how it felt to me! Shares were registered in the Register of Members from June 30th 1881.

As you can see from the subscribers list I was the major shareholder and all that time spent building the business was suddenly translated into wealth! Of course this was not relevant to me - money was never the top of my priorities except in so far as it allowed me to invest in the development of my - the - Company.  My new position was Managing Director, a position I retained for a further 26 years!

(Share No.1 was never sold and still exists along with the share certificate printing plate which is beautifully engraved in copper.) C.S.

The following document was produced as part of what we would now certainly call the ‘due diligence’ information for valuing the business of Mr William Sugg.  Entitled ‘The First Schedule’ it would have been considered particularly important because the value of a Company was largely in its ‘rights’ which in this case means the Patents taken out by William Sugg over a period of  13 years.

This copy is taken from a poor photocopy in which occasional numbers are not clear.  These have been marked with a question mark.

The First Schedule

Mr William Sugg’s Patents

(The following details are copied from an undated document promoting the Company and could possibly also have been part of the due diligence at the time of the sale or flotation in 1881.  It could equally be from a later date but it is important as it describes the various 'shops' and the tasks and products they produce. CS)

Brief Particulars
OF THE WORK CARRIED ON
IN THE COMPANY’S PREMISES
AT WESTMINSTER

There is also a plan of one floor of The Works showing these ‘shops’                   

DRAWING TO ADD

At the bottom of the drawing it states:
These premises held on 999 Years’ Lease.  Total area about 26,100 sq ft.
Ditto                           on Separate Lease.       Total area about 3000 sq ft.
Adjoining Premises in other occupation.
(I believe the adjoining premise to the left was a pub although without the exact date of this document it could still be houses!)

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SECTION HERE ON CRYSTAL PALACE

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THE ENLARGEMENT OF VINCENT WORKS.

This wonderful pen & ink drawing of the newly enlarged Vincent Works was, I was always told, drawn by Berthe Francine Sugg, one of William's daughters who was without doubt a talented artist. However It is dated 1887 and carries the initials BW.  As Berthe was born in 1878 this would mean that she was only 9 years old when she made this drawing - a prodigy perhaps? The close-up below shows the detail of the front entrance with the postman arriving at the steps.

This photograph was taken on the roof of the newly re-built Vincent Works to mark the jubilee of the House in 1887.  There are no less than 11 members of the family in this picture with a number of senior staff, as follows:
Back Row from the left:
Walter Stanley Sugg-Wright, Unknown, Unknown, Edwin Henry Sugg-Wright, Mr Barrett? Mr Ives, F.W.Abbott, H.Gray, H.J.Waller.
Remainder seated and standing from the left:
John Walter Sugg, Miss May Alberta Sugg, Miss Marguerite Eugenie Sugg, Mrs William (Marie Jenny) Sugg, Miss Marie Rose Sugg, William Sugg, Miss Berthe Francine Sugg, Mrs D.W.Sugg, David William Sugg, Unknown, W.S.Brown.

It is clear from this advertisement for debenture holders in April 1888 that, despite the floatation of the Company, the expansion of Vincent Works has still left the Company short of working capital.

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Jack the Ripper!

As a reminder of the world and more especially the London of William Sugg in the 1880's, many readers will know the name of 'Jack the Ripper' whose name struck fear into the minds of the population following several murders in the streets of London in the mid 1880's and who was never brought to book.

In 2011 I was approached by one of a group of enthusiasts who have spent many years trying to uncover the true identity of this murderer. He had come across a document related to the case which included the signature of William Sugg and also his initials, against a list of names related to the case. (See below) It seems that there was a one Francis Tumblety who was under suspicion for these crimes and William Sugg was foreman of a Grand Jury in November 1888 which returned a "True Bill" verdict which paved the way for the suspect to be prosecuted at the Old Bailey on December 12th 1888.   

Unfortunately it seems that Tumblety jumped bail and fled the country before the trial and thus he was never prosecuted and the 'enthusiasts' have been trying to prove the identity of Jack the Ripper ever since! C.S.

---------------------------------------------

SECTION ON W.T.S. WRITINGS.

Having spent the larger part of my working life investigating, experimenting and considering so many aspects of gas and its utilisation I always felt it important to give lectures and to follow these up by publishing the text to ensure that everybody in the Industry had the opportunity of following all of the developments. In addition I have written a number of modest books putting together much of the information in a more general form for the edification of a wider public and as a means of promoting the products.  My wife, who is the daughter of a chef, also wrote an excellent cookery book on and entitled 'The Art of Cooking by Gas' which is liberally illustrated with suitable cooking appliances all of which we have used personally.   (See the introduction to Cooking with several comments on Jenny's book) CS  

This review from the Gas press of 'The Domestic Uses of Coal Gas' gives you some idea of how one was received.

Journal of Gas Lighting, Water Supply, & Sanitary Improvement.
Dec 9^th 1884
Review of: “The Domestic Uses of Coal Gas, as applied to Lighting, Cooking and Heating, and Ventilation” by William T Sugg, Assoc Inst C.E., M.R.I., Hon Member of The Gas Institute.  London: Walter King 1884

Gas & its Uses 
“Nobody can deny that Mr Sugg is a walking encyclopaedia in relation to gas apparatus.  He has devoted the greater part of his life to the improvement of this class of commodities and if it should be said that this is his business, it may also be pointed out that there is a distinction to be drawn between a mere manufacturer of common articles for sale at market prices, and a maker who tries to impart additional perfection to everything that passes through his hands.”

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This wonderful picture was taken during the final stages of the building of Tower Bridge over the Thames in London in 1894, only a stones throw from the William Sugg factory in Westminster. The original is a tiny and therefore without doubt, an amateur, photograph on the back of which it states that the somewhat portly man with the bowler between the two policemen is the works foreman and the man on the left with the umbrella is the London representative!

This project was a huge one for the Company as indicated by the advertisement that was placed in Building News the day before the opening on 30th June 1894:

The text reads: Tower Bridge was lit "by means of upwards of 200 Sugg's patent high-power flat-flame gas lamps. All the work of supplying and running gas and water mains and supplying and fixing lamps, ornamental lamp standards and columns, hydrants, tanks and hand pumps, wrought iron gates and railings has been carried out by William Sugg & Co."
 

Even the personalised manhole covers were cast in the nearby Sugg foundry.  This picture was taken late in the 20th century and shows a Sugg manhole cover still in place.

One remaining wall mounted fixture is preserved in the museum within the north tower as shown in this picture taken in 1983.

The 1900s headed paper looked like this

BUCKINGHAM PALACE LIGHTING 1901

The Centenary Booklet of 1937 described the order to light the exterior of Buckingham Palace in 1901 as a 'Signal Honour' and pointed out that these lamps "may still be seen in the same place today although the actual burners have of course been modernised from time to time."  That was in 1937 so it is even more remarkable that they are still in place in the 21st century as can be seen in the illustrations later.

Water colour illustration by William Monk inspired by the photo below and used in a publication 'Daylight by Night' published by the British Commercial Gas Association Sept 1931

The Sugg Buckingham Palace Gas Lights are still in use as can be seen in this marvellous picture of the specialist maintenance provided by British Gas continuing in the 21st Century.

Not only are the original Sugg lamps still on the outside of the Palace and there are many post mounted fixtures in the gardens but this is one of several Sugg Globes in their original position in the inner courtyard.  This particular one is mounted under the entrance canopy where there are also a number of suspended fixtures as shown below.

        
This Sugg lantern is one of several that hang under the entrance canopy in the inner courtyard of Buckingham Palace

AND IN 1903 ON VENTILATING TORPEDO BOATS

The text below the diagram says:

1905 FIRE

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THE DEATH OF WILLIAM THOMAS SUGG

Towards the end of my life I contracted a debilitating illness which prevented me from taking a full part in life.  As you can see from the last letter that I wrote to the President of the Institution of Gas Engineers I was unable to walk any great distance for some considerable time.  It did not stop me attending the office, however, until Tuesday 19th February 1907 after which I did not return.

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William Thomas Sugg died at home in his bed at 'Morningside' just 9 days later on the 28th February 1907 in his 75th year.

June 26th 1906 
Reprint of letter from W.T.S re his illness

“Dear Mr President, - I am very sorry that I have been prevented from coming to the meeting of the Institution of Gas Engineers, and that I shall not be able to come to the Conversazione.  Since the Gas Exhibition (where I got cold upon cold), I have had a long illness, and the weather has been so generally bad and changeable that I cannot get myself quite right.  The last cold weather gave me a bad cold, which I have not got rid of yet; and the weakness caused by this long illness has affected the nerves of the legs, so that I can only walk a very short distance.  I am obliged to give up the idea of going with you to Boulogne to serve as one of your interpreters  I am very sorry; but I wish you and all the members of the Institution a fine and happy day, and hope you will all enjoy yourselves.

I am dear Mr President, yours faithfully,

William Sugg

 Obituaries

Born in Westminster – he always referred to with gratification; and his close connection with the ancient city was unbroken, for at the time of his death he was a Churchwarden of St.John’s.

His father established in 1838 a gas meter and fittings business in Marsham Street, and under him as an apprentice, and in the works of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, under the late Mr Thomas Livesey, he acquired a knowledge of the manufacture of gas and the construction of the appliances used in its distribution.

In 1858 he joined his father, and on the death of the latter in 1862 acquired the business.

He had previously turned his attention to the improvement of gas burners; and had made the first argand steatite-top burner.

 He also made in1858 the first burner which might be considered as the standard burner used for the testing of gas in England.

1862 in conjunction with Dr Letheby an improved form of this burner, which became known as the Sugg-Letheby standard burner for 14 candle gas.

On Sept 5 1866 he took out what appears to have been his first patent for “an apparatus for regulating the supply of gas”.

In 1868 another patent was obtained for a similar purpose; and in the following year, one for “improvements in gas burners”.

Lots more!!

Ending__

Mr Sugg was twice married, and he leaves a widow and several sons and daughters.  The funeral takes place at two o’clock today, at Streatham Cemetery, Garratt Lane, Tooting; the internment being preceded by a service at the church of the Ascension, Malwood Road, Balham, at one o’clock

ALSO in Gas World an even more personal tribute which will be recorded more fully but ends lyrically

“He was a man, take him for all in all, we shall not look upon his like again”

“Farewell! Good workman, genial soul, kind heart, open hand.  Well hast thou earned thy rest.  Thy remembrance will not perish with thee!”

Probably the last photograph of William Thomas Sugg with his wife, Jenny, surrounded by his children

(100 years later, this website, in the inconceivable technology of the future, is dedicated to this man, William Thomas Sugg, whose remembrance did not perish with him and is designed to continue the remembrance, spreading it world wide for the interest and education of new generations for whom gas lighting is not even a vague memory. CS) 

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I feel that now we have reached the year of his death in this record, it is no longer realistic to write from the perspective of William Sugg, whose life was so dedicated to the Company.  Doubtless, if he is watching from somewhere unfathomable, he will have seen 'his' company grow and change and see products come and go over the subsequent century.  Now it is up to me to continue to record what he would have seen for those of us looking back from the future.

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Following the death of William Sugg he was succeeded by his nephew Mr Edwin Sugg-Wright who was appointed General Manager in 1907 and also Secretary in 1910.
Edwin was the son of Simeon Wright and Susannah Amelia Sugg, William Thomas's elder sister, so it was 'keeping it in the family'.  At the end of 1910 he relinquished his office as General Manager and Secretary and was appointed Managing Director, a position which, unfortunately, he held for only seven months, before his death.  He was succeeded by the senior board director, Mr S.E.Thornton, who retained this position until 1920 when he retired in favour of Mr Philip H. Sugg, a son of William Sugg. 

What is not clear behind the bald facts is the part played by William Sugg's wife, Jenny.  As mentioned previously Jenny was half William's age when they married which amounted to 19 years younger, thus she was only 56 when he died and still had several of their children at home.  Despite the obvious disparity in their ages it would seem that William paid little attention to his personal finances and, in modern jargon, although he owned a large proportion of the shares in the Company, he was property rich and cash poor.  It seems that he left his wife very much in the dark as she soon discovered that she did not have sufficient funds for every day living! What was worse it seems that many years before, William had borrowed quite heavily from a relation and had never paid this loan back, seemingly claiming that he did not owe this money.  After his death the Company received a claim for the outstanding amount and the Board of the now Limited Company  simply passed it on to Jenny. 

Jenny Sugg was now of course the major shareholder of the Company and insisted on attending the board meetings.  She was clearly a woman of some determination as she told the directors that she would not let her husbands name be dragged down by a financial situation and that she would find a way to pay off the debt.  In those days the Company banked with The Bank of England but when she approached the bank they politely advised her that they never made personal loans.  At some loss as to what to do she was advised to try her local bank which was Lloyds where she received a very different welcome and an immediate loan based on the enormous value of her shareholding, allowing her to clear the debt and provide funds for her family living.  In due course Lloyds became the Company banker, remaining as such until the Company was finally taken over in 1969. 

In her powerful position as major shareholder, Jenny knew what she wanted - one of her children as Managing Director!  She was also quite clear that she was not going to relinquish any of her shareholding in the Company and that the family would share equally on her death.  By the time she reached 69 her son, Philip Henry was Managing Director and one year later also Chairman! 

Marie Jenny Sugg with son Philip Henry before he became Managing Director
with his two eldest children Crawford & Monty.

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Workshops of William Sugg & Co Ltd During the Great War 1914-1918

These 3 pictures illustrate wartime work. They were mounted on the display board shown below, doubtless to illustrate the major war effort of William Sugg & Co.Ltd. - perhaps to shareholders. The overhead shafting was driven by a steam engine in the basement, later replaced by an electric motor. The pure noise level of this amount of shafting and belts must have been terrific.

The text on the left states "THREE OF THE BRASS-FINISHING SHOPS. In which work continued throughout the day and night during the war."
The text on the right states "WAR RECORDS. The Brass Shops were engaged upon finishing over EIGHT MILLIONS of Shell Components, Fittings, Couplings, Branch Pipes Appliances on ----- Aeroplane fittings ----  In addition --- quantity of --- the battlefield --- renovated ----

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MORE FROM CENTENARY BOOKLET HERE

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To be added here

More historic information detailed by J.W.Lofts who joined the firm in 1880 and thus knew William Sugg for a quarter of a century.  He became Sales Manager and in due course was invited to take his seat on the Board in 1920.  He resigned his position as Sales Manager in 1933 whilst retaining his seat on the Board and acted as Special Representative  and Consultant until the end of 1936 when he retired.  He followed his old boss in lecturing and printing lectures which survive and carry much useful information.

Extracts from Public Lighting by Gas by J.W.Lofts Nov 1924

Lamp most generally in use in the 1850’s was of square shape carried in an iron cradle and was glazed in the roof as well as the sides with clear glass.

First improvement introduced by W.Sugg in 1865 was the Nictheroy (later called Camberwell).  Square lamp as before but with opal glass in the roof acting as a reflector and in place of the cradle a neat frog.

Nictheroy –                   Flat flame burner            5ft/hr         20cp (candle power)
1882  York – 16” sq         Double flat flame           10ft/hr       40cp
1882  Victoria – 18” sq   Triple flat flame              15ft/hr       60cp
1884 – The Metropole an improved version of the Nictheroy shows the first introduction of the ogee top (and the use of oak leaf corners)
Dec 1879 – Lambeth hex         30”                        20ft/hr       90cp
                                            38”                       30ft/hr       150cp
About this time
          Westminster octagon     44”                      50ft/hr       250cp
Also about this time
          Greenock for docks & very large centres    100ft/hr     500cp

Journal of Gas Lighting March 29th 1881
Whitehall – forerunner of Grosvenor                       20ft/hr        90cp
                                                                           30ft/hr       150cp
Carried a flat reflector annular in shape surrounding the conical porcelain reflector used in all previously mentioned lamps except very old fashioned square and the Nictheroy.
Then the Globe in various sizes from 50 to 400cp.

All the aforementioned except the two early square lamps were ventilated from the top, that is the air inlet was at the top of the lamp, passing over the heated surface of the reflector, thereby reaching the burner in a heated condition and so keeping the flame hot and not only so but being deflected by the shape of the reflector onto the glass panes ensured the necessary air reaching the burner without draught.

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The 'Long Brass Shop' 1927, showing overhead shafting and belt drives to small lathes with staff finishing and assembling some of the huge range of 'brasswork' which was a staple of the Westminster Works to support the major lighting, cooking and heating equipment manufactured elsewhere in the building - as indicated in the 'Work Carried Out' list above.

(The preponderance of hats worn indoors is typical of engineering factories of the time. One reason is that the drive belts were liable to break and provide a nasty slap on the head if unprotected!  The other reason may well be that the overhead gas lighting acts as a significant source of radiant heat which can be quite uncomfortable if working under it all day.)

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CENTENARY YEAR - MORE DETAIL
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Development of the Lighting laboratory by P.C.Sugg is detailed under Light Measurement in the Technical Section

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The Second World War Years

Bomb Damage in the Blacksmith's Shop.

The second world war was significant in a number of respects.  Obviously, as shown in the picture above, the factory was hit during the "blitz".  Apart from the blacksmith's shop, the most devastating loss was to the drawing office which was on the top floor and thus very exposed to anything from the air!  After the war this resulted in a huge re-drawing task by Eric Petty who joined the company after a war spent in the RAF.  He much later joined the follow-on company of Sugg Lighting as our first draughtsman, for a few years prior to retirement and told me that they had collected every print from the factory floor that they could lay their hands on and his first task at the Company had been to spend months re-drawing all the relevant drawings.  This explains why no original early drawings exist and a large number of pre-war product drawings have early post-war dates with the initials EP!

The second significant aspect of the war was a huge amount of business in the production of armaments much as had happened in the First War.   

The 1/4 millionth Fuze and part of one found by Colin Walton on the battlefield of the Somme in 2010. Carries a W Sugg stamp on the rim.

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The following description of the two William Sugg factories in 1947 was written in 2005 at my request and, as it turned out, shortly before his death, by Basil Raymond Sugg. Ray was the youngest brother of Philip Crawford Sugg, both of course grandsons of William Thomas Sugg and it describes what he found, on joining the business to assist his older brother with the development of products after the war. (See also Warm Air Heating.)
 

1947 – The two Sugg Factories

 
"When I arrived to join Sugg’s on a cold January day in 1947, I reported to Ranelagh Works, Chapter Street and I think a description of the place will help to set the period and the scene:-    Ranelagh Works had been built mainly to be a warehouse arranged round a parking area for vans and cars,  and the front and left hand blocks had ground floor raised to lorry loading level.  There were several steps leading up to the gateman’s office on the right of the arch, which was occupied by Robbie and had been for many years.    Beyond his office, a dark panelled passage lead to the offices of PHS, AAS, their secretary, and the Board Room.

(PHS was Philip Henry Sugg, MD and father to both Ray & Crawford Sugg and AAS was his brother, Anthony Aincham Sugg who was Company Secretary)

Going back into the archway and up the left hand steps lead to an entirely different pair of modern offices for Crawford’s secretary, Betty (surname?) and Crawford. Through the archway, the left hand block had a basement completely full of cooker castings (mainly commercial patterns) salvaged from the Edmonton fires.   The ground and first floor were also stores, containing incinerator castings, small cooker parts and gas fire spares.   No one worked there.

The right hand block had only two stories with an outside iron staircase.     The lower floor had been a lamp assembly shop but was now empty, and the upstairs floor was the pre-war photometer and technical department.     I think the triple mirror head had already been sold, but the photometer bench and total light box still remained. as did most of the pre-war staff – Les Vivian, Harry Towell, George Hart jnr, Terry (surname?) and at least one more, (name?).  They were quite busy dealing with incinerator installations and railway lighting enquiries, but there was a “Last Chance Saloon” atmosphere and all of them had departed within about two years.  Len  Stockton and Bill Rose  provided the practical assistance with exhibitions, trials and prototype work.  Len was very skilled in all forms of gas supply control and Bill was a very versatile craftsman who was used to working from sketches on fag packets. 

Len Stockton had very severe lung problems, which I believe resulted from the 1914-1918 war.   He lived just off Clapham Common South side within a few yards of the old family house “Morningside” in Cavendish Road, which was still quite evident at this time, although it was behind a petrol filling station.      Crawford frequently took Len to his home in the evening as no detour was needed, and I always thought of him as a family friend.   Unfortunately he died shortly after we started to work together."

(In fact Len was related through marriage as follows. Alfred Leonard Stockton married Aline Margery Friedleben one of 8 children of Elizabeth Clara (Lizzie) Sugg and her husband Georg Friedrich Carl Friedleben.  Lizzie was one of 3 children of William Thomas Sugg and his first wife Jane Emma Parker.)CS

"Vincent Works was much larger than Ranelagh Works and had an imposing façade. (See pictures above.) The entrance from Regency Street was raised by several steps and there was still a trace of security about it. One had to report to the office on the right before entering the main doors.   This stopped soon after I arrived.     Through the gateman’s office were modern offices for Tommy Mattock and his secretary, 

Passing through the main doors, you faced the remains of a showroom, which contained an incinerator, an 8000 lamp on short pole, the model of the triple mirror head photometer and chunks of packing material, all very dusty.  To your left was a door leading into the works office, occupied by Mr Paul and other progress chasers, Harry Burns, Works Foreman, and a couple of typists.    Through the door at the back of this office there was a staircase on your right which went up to the general office, accounts office and drawing office, each occupying one floor.   Tom Frampton was in charge of the drawing office, which at that time only had two other people.

Through a further pair of doors you entered the works proper and the tinsmiths shop, run by Bob Clothier.  Their chief job was making Windsor lamps, but as copper sheet was only available on licence the only work was for the Ministry of Works, and the shop was nearly empty.     In the centre of the shop there was still a large railed off hole down into the basement which I was told had once housed the engine which ran all the works.     Throughout the works there were no internal staircases, and each floor was reached by outside iron stairs.  There was nothing above the tin shop, but beneath it were the spinners, run by Mr Burrage, and the Works Engineer’s run by Fred Onslow, with facilities for welding, some blacksmiths work, and of course shafting and belt work.

The tin shop connected directly to the first floor of the left hand block, alongside Vincent Street. which was full of Ward 2 and 3 capstans, belt driven, and redundant.  They had worked hard during the war.

Above this floor was the steatite shop, still with security notices on its doors, and remnants of its work scattered around.  During the war it had been a main source of insulators for radar valves, it having been found that natural steatite “outgassed” less than porcelain under the power and vacuum conditions in high powered valves.  Porcelain had caught up technically and good steatite was difficult to get from India, so no more work.

The ground floor (at Vincent Street level) combined the foundry, still run by Phil le Brun and the pattern shop, sadly no longer with my old friend Coghill who had taught me a lot about woodwork during various school holiday visits.  The foundry produced very high quality brass and aluminium sand castings, largely on sub-contract work and had spare capacity.

The right hand block could also be accessed at first floor level from the tin shop and this floor housed the toolroom (name?) and test room for all gas fittings, run by a splendid Salvation Army musician (name?).

Below this was the working capstan shop, run by Bert Perrotton, and containing much more modern machines up to Ward 7D's, the newest being self motorised   This shop was fairly busy but still had idle machines.    Just outside the entrance to this shop was the degreasing plant.

The second floor was the lamp shop (name?), not very busy because of shortage of copper, but producing almost entirely for railway contracts.

 The third floor was the works canteen, very popular at this time because it was still heavily subsidised at wartime levels.  The subsidy stopped shortly afterwards and the canteen reverted to tea and buns!

The most modern part of the factory was the central block, erected in the 1930’s I believe.  This has four stories, with the basement occupied by Index 6, 12 and 24 autos, run by George Squires.  With a huge potential output, this department appeared always to be busy, but this was largely sub-contract at this time.

Above the auto shop was the brass finishing shop, run by Mr Sweeney.  This shop was busy as there was a good demand for small brass fittings from the Gas Boards.

Up the outside stairs to the second floor lead you to Eddie Quy and the light assembly shop which dealt with governors, incinerator timing devices etc and also did final assembly of the 3700 small incinerators.

The final climb took you to the part stores on the top floor.(name?)

The one department which I haven’t managed to fit in was the polishing and bronzing plant."

(As you can see the business was in a pretty parlous state due to lack of development over many years and it wasn't until PCS and his brother BRS tackled the development of what was to become the 'Halcyon' warm air heating appliance and 'selective heating system' that the business and the Gas Industry re-awoke to the second half of the 20th century. C.S.)

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Notes from the 74th Annual Report, 30^th June 1955 (Several important items introduced with this report including a comment relevant to the item above! CS.)

W.T.Mattock       Chairman & Managing Director (First Occasion)
Philip H, Sugg     (Retd Chairman remaining as Director)
R.W. Young FCA
P.Crawford Sugg B.Sc.Eng., A.C.G.I., M.Inst.Gas., F.I.E.S.
C.C.Penfold
Secretary W.K.Fox, A.S.A.A.

Must expect a considerable reduction in the manufacture of armaments during the current year.  Hope that the use of our Crawley factory and progress in gas heating appliances will continue and so mitigate to some extent at least the diminution in armament contracts.
(So you can see that in 1955, the factory was still producing armaments 10 years after the cessation of hostilities of WW2. CS.)

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Erection of Crawley Factory is now completed and production has already commenced on a limited scale.

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New subsidiary company – Sugg Solar Ltd., - has been formed to whom an exclusive licence has been granted to manufacture and market the Mars Gas Turbine Engine in this country, Europe and the British Commonwealth (excluding Canada).  The Solar Aircraft Company has subscribed for a proportion of the Capital of this new Subsidiary.

Planning layout in part of the Crawley factory for the manufacture of this engine.  Several successful demonstrations, using American made engines have been held and a great deal of interest has been shown therein by potential users, both Government Departments and Commercial concerns.

Stress this is long term project – first British made engine to be available in 12 to 18 months – commence to earn profits in 2 years

Story of Sugg Solar - a classic White Elephant? - see below. CS.  This article provides the basics and has been added here as it has been introduced in this 1955 annual report

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Acquisition of the entire share capital of Thomas Mattock & Co Ltd.  “This is an old established Company which markets products similar to those of the Parent Company and which we hope can develop into a useful and profitable member of the Group.”

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The story of Sugg Solar is a classic of its type. William Sugg had always been an engineering led business with products developed painstakingly - sometimes over years. Unfortunately after William Sugg died in 1907 this approach was steadily lost in the move to a financial led management.  With two World Wars providing a huge amount of MOD business making armaments it would appear that the directors had no long term plan for products especially as the mainstay of the business for so many years, gas lighting, was suffering terminal decline.

As detailed in the story of the Halcyon warm air appliances and several other gap filling products, the two Sugg brothers, Crawford and Ray, grandsons of William Thomas, worked tirelessly on product development to provide a future for the business. 

To some in the boardroom this was too slow and the words 'gas turbine' sounded both futuristic and, with the word 'gas' must be something with which William Sugg & Co Ltd., should be involved! Unfortunately it would seem the engineers were not consulted before the essential agreement detailed in the newspaper cutting above was rushed out. You will note that the directors listed do not include the technical director of William Sugg & Co Ltd., Crawford Sugg.

To anybody with a modicum of engineering knowledge, the difference between the production of gas appliances and that of a gas turbine engine is so huge that the first thing to consider is the manufacture. Nobody in the business would have had any knowledge and not one piece of existing equipment would have been of use. The levels of accuracy would have been unknown to a gas manufacturer and, despite the idea that the new factory in Crawley was to be the home of Sugg Solar it was painfully obvious to many that this product would never get off the ground - and it never did! The Halcyon - a proper gas appliance - progressively filled the factory and the Sugg Solar business was quietly extinguished.                     

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And 10 Years Later

Chairman's Statement in the 84th Annual Report for the year ended 30th June 1965

"On the 13th October 1965, Sir Henry Jones, K.B.E., the Chairman of the Gas Council formally opened the extension to our Crawley Works and Offices which marked the culmination of one of the major events in the history of the Company and began what we believe will be a new era of prosperity for the Company which has now left Westminster after nearly 130 years."

(I had joined the Company prior to this as a production engineer with the task of laying out the new factory as machinery came from Westminster and new plant was introduced to cope with the demand for the manufacture of the Halcyon warm air heaters. CS)

       
Aerial view shows unique rooftop car park over extended building and the right hand view shows the later addition of a compound on the near front corner for the Natural Gas plant which was installed prior to conversion from Town Gas to enable testing of products and conversion kits in the laboratory.

The original Crawley factory was the section which can be seen with the barrel vaulted roof common to many of the earliest factory buildings on the "Crawley New Towns Commission Estate'.

William Sugg & Co Ltd., Manor Royal, Crawley, Sussex

Having made the huge step from the Victorian factory in Westminster to the extended factory in Crawley New Town and achieved targets such as the production of 1000 Halcyon units in a week and the development of the first low water content boiler known as the Supaheat 50/15, the 'New Era of Prosperity' promised by the Chairman, R.W.Young was not to last for long.  Within three years William Sugg & Co Ltd was the subject of a hostile takeover bid from Thorn Electrical Industries Ltd to which it eventually succumbed.  Having then taken over International Janitor which was in part a Sugg competitor, the whole lot was put together in a new unit in Birtley Co. Durham with an office operation in Gateshead under the name of Thorn Heating.  The Sugg name was consigned to history.

A tiny number of employees eventually moved to the north east but the vast majority considered it to be a step too far, took their redundancy money and found new employment or retired. 

A small group of ex Westminster employees including the works foreman, Bill Gould with George Jacques, Jim Creed, Ron Lister and Ernie Clayton joined Chris Sugg and Keith Bouracier in forming a new company which eventually grew into Sugg Lighting Ltd. As a specialist lighting manufacturer producing products including gas lamps, the famous name was saved from extinction and continues today with a Royal Warrant to preserve, refurbish and re-make many of the best products of William Sugg.  That's another history!  

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Copyright © Chris Sugg 2006

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